In the summer months (June, July & August), bring light cottons, T-shirts or other loose tops and some kind of cap for your head - anything that provides protection from those punishing sun rays. During the winter months in central Spain, a warm overcoat and gloves will be needed to protect you from sometimes fierce cold and winds. Otherwise, no special recommendations are necessary.

Madrid is not as relaxed as most coastal areas where shorts and sandals are concerned, but certainly it's not so rigid that you'll look out of place if this is your choice of summer clothing. Madrileños are well accustomed to seeing tourists in shorts. In coastal areas shorts and sandals are an absolute must. If you're coming on a business trip, dress correctly for business - the Spanish will appreciate it, even if they themselves are jacket and tie-less.

Smoking is popular in Spain, having only recently been banned on the Metro in Madrid (a ban which is still not respected on the platforms). Don't be surprised if you go out for a meal with Spanish friends and they light up even between courses.